Meta-QTL analysis and candidate genes for quality traits, mineral content, and abiotic-related traits in wild emmer.

Wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) genotypes were studied for their high-nutritional value and good tolerance to various types of stress; for this reason, several QTL (quantitative trait loci) studies have been conducted to find favorable alleles to be introgressed into modern wheat cultivars. Given the complexity of the QTL nature, their interaction with the environment, and other QTLs, a small number of genotypes have been used in wheat breeding programs. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis helps to simplify the existing QTL information, identifying stable genomic regions and possible candidate genes for further allele introgression. The study aimed to identify stable QTL regions across different environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds using the QTL information of the past 14 years for different traits in wild emmer based upon 17 independent studies. A total of 41 traits were classified as quality traits (16), mineral composition traits (11), abiotic-related traits (13), and disease-related traits (1). The analysis revealed 852 QTLs distributed across all 14 chromosomes of wild emmer, with an average of 61 QTLs per chromosome. Quality traits had the highest number of QTLs (35%), followed by mineral content (33%), abiotic-related traits (28%), and disease-related traits (4%). Grain protein content (GPC) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were associated with most of the QTLs detected. A total of 43 MQTLs were identified, simplifying the information, and reducing the average confidence interval (CI) from 22.6 to 4.78 cM. These MQTLs were associated with multiple traits across different categories. Nine candidate genes were identified for several stable MQTLs, potentially contributing to traits such as quality, mineral content, and abiotic stress resistance. These genes play essential roles in various plant processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, cell wall biogenesis, and cell wall extensibility. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering MQTL analysis in wheat breeding programs, as it identifies stable genomic regions associated with multiple traits, offering potential solutions for improving wheat varieties under diverse environmental conditions.

A comprehensive meta-QTL analysis for yield-related traits of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grown under different water regimes.

Abiotic stress strongly affects yield-related traits in durum wheat, in particular drought is one of the main environmental factors that have effect on grain yield and plant architecture. In order to obtain new genotypes well adapted to stress conditions, the highest number of desirable traits needs to be combined in the same genotype. In this context, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for yield-related traits in different genetic backgrounds and environments. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is a useful approach to combine data sets and for creating consensus positions for the QTL detected in independent studies for the reliability of their location and effects. MQTL analysis is a useful method to dissect the genetic architecture of complex traits, which provide an extensive allelic coverage, a higher mapping resolution and allow the identification of putative molecular markers useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS). In the present study, a complete and comprehensive MQTL analysis was carried out to identify genomic regions associated with grain-yield related traits in durum wheat under different water regimes. A total of 724 QTL on all 14 chromosomes (genomes A and B) were collected for the 19 yield-related traits selected, of which 468 were reported under rainfed conditions, and 256 under irrigated conditions. Out of the 590 QTL projected on the consensus map, 421 were grouped into 76 MQTL associated with yield components under both irrigated and rainfed conditions, 12 genomic regions containing stable MQTL on all chromosomes except 1A, 4A, 5A, and 6B. Candidate genes associated to MQTL were identified and an in-silico expression analysis was carried out for 15 genes selected among those that were differentially expressed under drought. These results can be used to increase durum wheat grain yields under different water regimes and to obtain new genotypes adapted to climate change.

Morphological and Physiological Traits Associated with Yield under Reduced Irrigation in Chilean Coastal Lowland Quinoa.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a genetically diverse crop that has gained popularity in recent years due to its high nutritional content and ability to tolerate abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought. Varieties from the coastal lowland ecotype are of particular interest due to their insensitivity to photoperiod and their potential to be cultivated in higher latitudes. We performed a field experiment in the southern Atacama Desert in Chile to investigate the responses to reduced irrigation of nine previously selected coastal lowland self-pollinated (CLS) lines and the commercial cultivar Regalona. We found that several lines exhibited a yield and seed size superior to Regalona, also under reduced irrigation. Plant productivity data were analyzed together with morphological and physiological traits measured at the visible inflorescence stage to estimate the contribution of these traits to differences between the CLS lines and Regalona under full and reduced irrigation. We applied proximal sensing methods and found that thermal imaging provided a promising means to estimate variation in plant water use relating to yield, whereas hyperspectral imaging separated lines in a different way, potentially related to photosynthesis as well as water use.

NMR-based metabolomics of human cerebrospinal fluid identifies signature of brain death.

INTRODUCTION: Brain death (BD) is the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a biological liquid that circulates in brain and spine. Metabolomics is able to reveal the response of biological systems to diverse factors in a specific moment or condition. Therefore, the study of this neurological condition through metabolic profiling using high resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is important for understanding biochemical events. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study is to identify the metabolomics signature of BD using 1H-NMR spectroscopy in human CSF. METHODS: 1H-NMR spectroscopy has been employed for metabolomic untargeted analysis in 46 CSF samples: 22 control and 24 with BD. Spectral data were further subjected to multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant multivariate models separated subject's samples with BD from controls and revealed twenty one discriminatory metabolites. The statistical analysis of control and BD subjects using Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model resulted in R2X of 0.733 and Q2 of 0.635. An elevation in the concentration of statistically discriminant metabolites in BD was observed. CONCLUSION: This study identifies a metabolic signature associated with BD and the most relevant enriched selected metabolic pathways.

The Effect of Photoperiod Genes and Flowering Time on Yield and Yield Stability in Durum Wheat.

This study analysed the effect of flowering time as influenced by photoperiod sensitivity genes on yield and yield stability in durum wheat. Twenty-three spring genotypes harbouring different allele combinations at Ppd-A1 and Ppd-B1 were grown in 15 field experiments at three sites at latitudes from 41° to 19° N (Spain, Mexico-North and Mexico-South). Low temperature and solar radiation before flowering and long day length during grain-filling characteristic for the Spanish site resulted in high grain number/m2 (GN) and yield (GY), while a moderate GN combined with high solar radiation during grain-filling at Mexico-North led to heavier grains. Allele combination GS100-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1a reduced the flowering time up to nine days when compared with Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a. Differences in flowering time caused by Ppd-A1/Ppd-B1 allele combinations did not affect yield. Combinations GS105-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1b and Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1b resulted in the highest GN, linked to spikelets/spike, which was higher in GS105-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1b due to more grains/spikelet. Flowering time caused by Eps had a minor effect on GN, spikes/m2 and grains/spike, but late flowering resulted in reduced grain weight and GY. Allele combinations harbouring alleles conferring a similar photoperiod sensitivity response at Ppd-A1 and Ppd-B1 resulted in greater yield stability than combinations that carry alleles conferring a different response. Allele combination GS100-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1a was the most suitable in terms of yield and yield stability of durum wheat cultivated under irrigation within the studied latitudes.

Contenido de humedad, proteínas y minerales en diez variedades de quínoa chilena cultivadas en distintas zonas geográficas / Moisture, protein and mineral content of ten varieties of Chilean quinoa grown in different geographic zones

RESUMEN El consumo de quínoa (Chenopodium quínoa Willd) ha aumentado, renovando el interés en su composición y valor nutricional. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los contenidos de humedad, cenizas, proteínas y algunos minerales (Fe, Zn y Cu) de 10 variedades de quínoa chilena cultivadas en cuatro zonas geográficas, utilizando metodologías analíticas validadas. Las muestras (n=10) de quínoa cultivada en Vallenar, Los Tilos, Hidango y Santa Rosa fueron analizadas en triplicado. Los métodos normalizados aplicados fueron: humedad; cenizas; proteínas; hierro, zinc y cobre, bajo los requisitos de ISO/IEC 17025:2017. Los datos se analizaron usando análisis de varianza para comparar variedades y zonas de cultivo. Las muestras contienen en promedio 16,6 g de proteínas/100 g (14,4-17,5), 8,97 mg de hierro/100 g (7,71-10,76), 3,38 mg de zinc/100 g (2,17-5,30), y 0,83 mg de cobre/100 g (0,60-1,10). Las variedades cultivadas en Vallenar, Los Tilos e Hidango mostraron mayor contenido proteico que las de Santa Rosa (p<0,05). Todas las variedades tienen un contenido destacado de los microminerales cobre, zinc y hierro. Los resultados aportan información relevante sobre el valor nutricional de la quínoa chilena, entregando datos para la actualización de las Tablas de Composición Química de alimentos.

ABSTRACT The intake of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) has increased worldwide. Its revival has renewed interest in its composition and nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of moisture, ash, protein, and some minerals (Fe, Zn and Cu) of ten varieties of Chilean quinoa grown in various geographical zones, using validated analytical methods under rule ISO/IEC 17025:2017. Grains grown in Vallenar, Los Tilos, Hidango, and Santa Rosa were analyzed in triplicates, using previously validated analytical methodologies and certified reference materials. The normalized methods used were: moisture; ash; protein; mineral, under the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 norm. Data were analyzed using ANOVA to compare varieties and growth zones. The analyzed quinoa grains contain a mean of 16.6 g proteins/100 g (range 14.4-17.5), 8.97 mg iron/100 g (range 7.71-10.76), 3.38 mg zinc/100 g, and 0.83 mg copper/100 g (range 0.60-1.10). The varieties grown in Vallenar, Los Tilos and Hidango showed higher protein content compared to Santa Rosa (p<0.05). All varieties exhibit considerable microminerals content, such as copper, zinc, and iron. These results provide relevant information about the nutritional value of Chilean quinoa and updated reliable data for Food Composition Tables.

Revascularización en un molar inferior, con un tercio de formación radicular / Revascularization in a lower molar with athird of root formation

Resumen La revascularización amplía, hoy en día, el panorama de cómo recuperar un diente que se encuentra con un tercio de su formación radicular, producto de un evento de necrosis pulpar. El procedimiento indicado por la literatura implica una serie de pasos como el uso de pasta tri o biantibiótica o del hidróxido de calcio, para lograr mayor éxito en la técnica. Sin embargo, hay excepciones a la regla. Se describe un caso clínico, el cual incluyó una revascularización no planeada y a la cual, como consecuencia de los materiales utilizados, el diente respondió de excelente manera. Se modificaron las técnicas descritas en la literatura y se logró la formación radicular, demostrada a nivel radiográfico, aún en presencia de una fuerte infección, la cual se drenó por tejido extraoral, manifestando el alto grado de concentración bacteriana en la zona afectada. Como resultado, una vez más se muestra el potencial de regeneración, diferenciación y capacidad de respuesta de las células madre. El caso clínico tiene una evolución de 8 años.

Abstract Nowadays, revascularization gives us a wider panoramic in saving a tooth from pulp necrosis. The procedure involves a series of steps, including the use of antibiotic paste to increase the chance of success. However, some exceptions may apply to the rule. A clinical case is described, which -as a consequence of the use of specific materials- was transformed into a revascularization case. The revascularization technique was modified and a radicular formation was accomplished, as shown in the main X ray, even with a severe infection which was drained by extraoral tissue, demonstrating a higher level presence of bacteria in the affected area. As a result, this clinical case showed the potential of pulp regeneration and most importantly, the potential of stem cells and its differentiation and response capacity. The case has an evolution of eight years.

Mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica no invasiva / Mortality of patients undergoing non-invasive mechanical ventilation

Resumen Objetivo: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva se considera la primera elección de ventilación en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica reagudizada, edema agudo de pulmón y en inmunocomprometidos. Un aspecto clave de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva es la posibilidad de evitar la entubación endotraqueal y la ventilación mecánica invasiva con sus potenciales complicaciones, y por ende, lograr menor morbimortalidad y estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo principal fue establecer si los pacientes con patología respiratoria sometidos a ventilación mecánica no invasiva presentaron un beneficio estadísticamente significativo en la mortalidad. Como objetivos específicos se determinaron las patologías respiratorias más frecuentes, el tipo de insuficiencia respiratoria asociado a la terapia, la interface más utilizada, las complicaciones más frecuentes, y las patologías respiratorias sometidas a terapia que obtuvieron mayor beneficio en la morbimortalidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, observacional y de reporte de casos, de una población adulta de 18 - 85 años hospitalizada en el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto y el 31 de noviembre de 2014. Se estudió 40 pacientes con patología respiratoria que cumplieron criterios para recibir tratamiento con ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Resultados: El servicio más frecuente donde se utilizó ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Se brindó terapia a más pacientes masculinos con edad promedio de 55 años. El tiempo promedio de terapia fue de 8,4 horas. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: neumonía, edema agudo de pulmón y edema pulmonar lesional. Para dichos diagnósticos la insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica fue la principal indicación. La "full fase" fue la interface más usada. Las complicaciones de úlceras por presión y neumonía fueron infrecuentes. No se encontró cambios gasométricos, de índice respiratorio, ni de gradiente alveolo - arterial durante la terapia. Los puntajes de APACHE-II y SOFA fueron bajos para la mayoría de los pacientes, y el 57,5 % de los pacientes terminó por deshabituarse, con una mortalidad observada del 12 %. Conclusión: Las indicaciones más frecuentes para ventilación mecánica no invasiva en este estudio fueron edema agudo de pulmón y neumonía en el paciente inmunocomprometido. Algunos pacientes con índices respiratorios menores de 150, no se planteó la entubación, pero esto no se reflejó en una mayor tasa de fracaso en la deshabituación, o mayor mortalidad. Debido a la diversidad en la aplicación de la terapia, se debe tratar de protocolizar su uso en el Hospital México, para buscar obtener mejores resultados.

Abstract Aim: The non invasive mechanical ventilation is considered the first choice of ventilation in patients with respiratory insufficiency secondary to exacerbated chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, acute pulmonary edema and immunocompromised patients. The clue of the non invasive mechanical ventilation is the possibility to avoid intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation with its complications, less morbidity and mortality, and less hospital stay. Besides, it is more comfortable, the patient can communicate, eat and drink, cough, avoid the need of profound sedation, and maintain the defense mechanisms of superior airway. The main objective was to establish if the patients who received non invasive ventilation had a benefit in mortality statistically significant. It was also evaluated which were the most frequent pulmonary diseases, the type of respiratory insufficiency associated with the therapy, the type of interface used, the most frequent complications, and which of the pulmonary diseases benefited most in morbidity and mortality with the use of this type of ventilation. Methods: We did a prospective, observational and case report study. Of a total population of 18 - 85 years hospitalized in a period between 1 of August and 31 of November of 2014, we studied a total of 40 patients who developed a respiratory disease who met the criteria to receive treatment with non invasive ventilation. Results: The department who used more non invasive ventilation was the Intensive Care Unit. There were more male patients, with an average age of 55 years. The average time of therapy was 8,4 hours. The most frequent diagnostics where pneumoniae, acute pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. For these diseases the hipoxemic respiratory insufficiency was the principal indication. The fullface was the main interface used. The complications of pressure ulcers and pneumoniae where infrequent during therapy. There were none shocked patients under therapy and tachycardia was the main risk factor of dying without being statistically significant. We didn't find gasometric changes neither changes in the respiratory index or alveolar-arterial gradient during therapy. The majority of patients with pneumonia and acute pulmonary edema started the therapy with a respiratory index less than 150, but this didn`t relate with more time in therapy neither more mortality. The scores of APACHE-II and SOFA where low at the beginning of the therapy, the observed mortality was of 12%. Conclusion: The most frequent indications for non invasive ventilation obsesrved were acute pulmonary edema and pneumoniae in inmunocompromised patients. The elaboration of protocols to guide the correct use of this ventilations method is needed.

Análisis de las bacteremias por Klebsiella pneumoniae en pacientes del Hospital México / Analisis of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremias in patients from Mexico hospital

Justificación: en los últimos años a nivel mundial ha habido un incremento de bacteremias por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEA, que han contribuido como un factor importante de resistencia a los antibióticos β-lactámicos, y de morbilidad y mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Es relevante para la práctica diaria conocer la incidencia, los factores de riesgo, las complicaciones y la letalidad de estas infecciones en el Hospital México. Se planteó documentar los sitios más frecuentes de infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae, la producción de BLEA, y su asociación a bacteremia y letalidad.Métodos:se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se estudió a los pacientes ingresados al Hospital México, entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2011, que hicieron bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae. Se estudió una población de 118 pacientes que hicieron bacteremia por Klebsiella pneumoniae no productora de BLEA y Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de BLEA. Se recopiló los datos demográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos relevantes...

Background: In the last years there has been a worldwide increase of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemias, which have been an important factor of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, and of nosocomial morbidity and mortality. It is relevant to day-to-day practice to know the incidence, risk factors, complications and lethality of these infections in the Mexico hospital. We proposed to register the most frequent sites of infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae, the production of ESBLs and its association to bacteremia and lethality.Methods:A retrospective review was performed in patients from the Mexico hospital that developed a Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia from January 2008 to December 2011. We studied a total of 118 patients that developed non-ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia and ESBL-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data was recorded for all patients...